by Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) is a rare, adult-onset, Progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by poor control of movement (motor control) problems and autonomic nervous system failure. There are three main types of MSA based on the early symptoms: MSA with predominantly Parkinsonian features (MSA-P), MSA with predominantly cerebellar features (MSA-C), and MSA with predominant autonomic failure (MSA-AF). MSA belongs to a family of disorders called alpha-synucleinopathies, in which abnormal clumping (aggregates) of the protein alpha-synuclein damages and kills brain cells.
Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Causes And Risk Factors
The exact causes of Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) are unknown. Genetic and environmental factors may play a role. MSA usually affects people over age 50 and is slightly more common in men than women. Some risk factors include:
– Age: Risk increases with age, usually affecting those 50 and older. Very rare in people under 40.
– Gender: Affects more males than females by about 2 to 1 ratio.
– Genetics: Rare familial forms exist but no single gene has been identified that causes MSA. Carrying certain variants may slightly increase risk.
– Toxins: Certain pesticides and herbicides have been linked to increased MSA risk in some studies. More research is still needed.
– Trauma: A few cases report onset shortly after head injury but no clear link established.
Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Symptoms
The first symptoms of MSA usually appear in a person’s late 50s or early 60s on average. Symptoms vary depending on which brain regions are primarily affected but commonly include:
– Motor control problems: Poor control of voluntary movement leading to clumsy, uncoordinated walking. Slurred or soft speech. Difficulty with handwriting.
– Autonomic nervous system failure: Orthostatic hypotension (drop in blood pressure when standing), urinary incontinence, sexual dysfunction.
– Cerebellar ataxia: Unsteady, wide-based gait. Poor coordination of eye movements, hands, or trunk. Slurred speech.
– Parkinsonism: Tremor at rest, rigid muscles, slowed movement, difficulty initiating movements.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis can be challenging as symptoms of MSA overlap with other conditions like Parkinson’s disease. Doctors examine medical history, conduct neurological and autonomic function tests and may order imaging scans. The most definitive diagnoses are made post-mortem by examining brain tissues for accumulated alpha-synuclein protein.
Key diagnostic criteria include:
– Progressive autonomic failure and motor impairment
– Lack of symptoms suggestive of other conditions like ALS, vascular Parkinsonism, etc.
– Poor response to L-DOPA medication which helps Parkinson’s
– Supportive findings on MRI, CT or DAT scans
Treatment And Management
Currently there is no cure for MSA and treatment aims to manage symptoms. Medications include:
– Parkinson’s drugs like L-DOPA, dopamine agonists – May help motor symptoms in early stages but provide limited benefit.
– Orthostatic hypotension medication like Fludrocortisone – Help increase blood pressure and prevent dizziness upon standing.
– Bladder anticholinergic drugs – Treat urinary symptoms.
– Physical/occupational therapy – Mobility aids, posture control, exercises.
– Speech therapy for swallowing difficulties.
Prognosis and Life Expectancy
The progression of disability tends to be faster than Parkinson’s with most patients requiring full-time care within 5-10 years of onset. Life expectancy is often shorter, averaging 6-9 years from initial symptoms but can vary greatly. With supportive care, some live with MSA for over 15 years. There is currently no cure or treatment to stop progression.
MSA is a rare and progressive neurodegenerative disease resulting in motor control and autonomic nervous system dysfunction. Diagnosis can be difficult as symptoms overlap with Parkinson’s and other conditions. Currently there is no cure and treatment aims to manage symptoms and supportive care. With further research, a better understanding of causes and improved treatments may help manage this difficult condition in the future.
*Note:
1. Source: Coherent Market Insights, Public sources, Desk research
2. We have leveraged AI tools to mine information and compile it
About Author - Alice Mutum
Alice Mutum is a seasoned senior content editor at Coherent Market Insights, leveraging extensive expertise gained from her previous role as a content writer. With seven years in content development, Alice masterfully employs SEO best practices and cutting-edge digital marketing strategies to craft high-ranking, impactful content. As an editor, she meticulously ensures flawless grammar and punctuation, precise data accuracy, and perfect alignment with audience needs in every research report. Alice's dedication to excellence and her strategic approach to content make her an invaluable asset in the world of market insights. LinkedIn
